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Gramatica engleza . Gramatica limbii englezeArticolul nehotaratSe aseaza inaintea substantivului. Are forma 'a' daca urmeaza o consoana: a book = o carte Are forma 'an' daca urmeaza o vocala: an english = un englez Cand substantivul e la plural articolul nehotarat dispare: books = carti Se foloseste inaintea substantivelor ce denumesc profesia, nationalitatea, genul persoanei: I am an engineer = Sunt inginer I am a romanian = Sunt roman I am a man = Sunt barbat I am a woman = Sunt femeie Articolul hotarat Articolul hotarat 'the' , se citeste zã, se aseaza inaintea substantivului: the book = cartea , the books = cartile , book = carte , books = carti the girl = fata , the girls = fetele , girl = fatã , girls = fete Adjectivul Adjectivul se aseaza intre articol si substantiv: a good boy = un baiat bun Adverbul Adverbul se formeaza adaugand la adjectiv terminatia ly: bad weather = vreme rea , bad este adjectiv the weather is badly = vremea este rea , badly este adverb Pluralul substantivelor Pluralul se formeaza adaugand dupa singular litera 's' : boy = boys , baiat = baieti girl = girls , fata = fete Substantive cu plural neregulat: man = barbat , men = barbati woman = femeie , women = femei child = copil , children = copii Exista unele substantive care se termina la plural in 'es' Pronumele si adjectivul demonstrativ this = aceasta that = aceea these = acestea those = acelea Cazul genitiv Este de doua feluri: of sau 's the book of the boy = cartea baiatului the boy's book = cartea baiatului In aceste exemple the boy inseamna "baiatul" , iar cu of si 's inseamna "baiatului" Numeralul 1 = one , 2 = two , 3 = three , 4 = four , 5 = five , 6 = six , 7 = seven , 8 = eight , 9 = nine , 10 = ten , 11 = eleven , 12 = twelve , 13 = thirteen , 14 = fourteen , 15 = fifteen , 16 = sixteen , 17 = seventeen , 18 = eighteen , 19 = nineteen , 20 = twenty , 21 = twenty-one , 22 = twenty-two , 30 = thirty , 40 = forty , 50 = fifty , 60 = sixty , 70 = seventy , 80 = eighty , 90 = ninety , 100 = one hundred , 733 = seven hundred and thirty-three , 1000 = one thousand , 1975 = one thousand nine hundred and seventy-five , 2004 = two thousand and four Pronumele si adjectivele interogative who ? = cine ? whose ? = a cui ? whom ? = cui ? pe cine ? which ? = care ? what ? = ce ? Prepozitii spatiale from = din , with = cu , in = in , on = pe , to = spre , out = afara , before = inainte , behind = inapoi , between = intre , across = peste , into = inauntru , out of = afara din , through = prin , over = peste , under = sub , up = sus , down = jos Pronume relative Pentru persoane, animale, lucruri: who = care whose = al,a,ai,ale carui,carei,caror whom = caruia, careia, carora whom = pe cine, pe care that = care Pentru animale, lucruri: which = car what = ce Pronumele personal I = eu you = tu he = el , she = ea it = el , ea , pentru obiecte sau animale we = noi you = voi they = ei , ele Adjective posesive my = meu, mea your = tau, ta his = lui , her = ei its = lui , ei our = nostru, noastra your = vostru, voastra their = lor Pronume posesiv mine = al meu, a mea yours = al tau, a ta his = al lui , hers = al ei ours = al nostru, a noastra yours = al vostru, a voastra theirs = al lor, a lor Pronumele la cazul dativ me = mie you = tie him = lui , her = ei it = lui , ei us = noua you = voua them = lor Pronumele la cazul acuzativ me = pe mine you = pe tine him = pe el , her = pe ea it = pe el , pe ea us = pe noi you = pe voi them = pe ei Pronumele reflexive si de intarire myself = insumi, insami yourself =insuti, insati himself = insusi , herself = insasi itself = insusi , insasi ourselves = insine yourselves = insiva themselves = insisi , insele Verbul 'to be' = a fi la prezent I am = eu sunt you are = tu esti he is = el este , she is = ea este it is = el este , ea este we are = noi suntem you are = voi sunteti they are = ei sunt , ele sunt Se poate folosi prescurtat: I'm , he's , she's, it's Pentru negativ se adauga 'not': I am not = eu nu sunt Pentru intrebari cuvintele se scriu invers: Are you ? = Tu esti ? Verbul 'to have' = a avea la prezent I have = eu am you have = tu ai he has = el are , she has = ea are it has = el are, ea are we have = noi avem you have = voi aveti they have = ei au, ele au Pentru negativ se adauga 'not': I have not = eu nu am Pentru intrebari cuvintele se scriu invers: Have you ? = Tu ai ? Verbul 'to be' = a fi la trecut I was = eu am fost you were = tu ai fost he was = el a fost , she was = ea a fost it was = el a fost, ea a fost we were = noi am fost you were = voi ati fost they were = ei , ele au fost Negativ: I was not = eu nu am fost Interogativ: Were you ? = Tu ai fost ? Verbul 'to have' = a avea la trecut I had = eu am you had = tu ai he had = el are , she had = ea are it had = el , ea are we had = noi avem you had = voi aveti they had = ei au , ele au Negativ: I had not = eu nu am Interogativ: Had you ? = Tu ai ? Timpul prezent aspectul continuu I am writing = eu scriu you are writing = tu scrii he is writing = el scrie , she is writing = ea scrie it is writing = el scrie, ea scrie we are writing = noi scriem you are writing = voi scrieti they are writing = ei scriu , ele scriu Se foloseste pentru a exprima o actiune in curs de desfasurare in momentul de fata sau o actiune care urmeaza sa aiba loc intr-un viitor foarte apropiat Timpul prezent aspectul comun I write = eu scriu you write = tu scrii he writes = el scrie , she writes = ea scrie it writes = el scrie, ea scrie we write = noi scriem you write = voi scrieti they write = ei scriu, ele scriu Negativ: I do not write = eu nu scriu , he does not write = el nu scrie Interogativ: Do you write ? = Tu scrii ? La he , she , it , se adauga terminatia s Exemple de modificari la unele verbe: to watch = a urmari , he watches = el urmareste to dress = a se imbraca , he dresses = el se imbraca to go = a merge , he goes = el merge to wash = a spala , he washes = el spala Participiul nedefinit Se formeaza adaugand terminatia -ing la infinitivul verbului to learn = a invata , learning = invatand to play = a juca , playing = jucand to try = a incerca , trying = incercand Exemple de modificari la unele verbe: to translate = a traduce , translating = traducand to sit = a sta , sitting = stand to preffer = a prefera , preferring = preferand to travel = a calatori , travelling = calatorind to lye = a zacea , lying = zacand Participiul trecut Se formeaza adaugand terminatia -ed la infinitivul verbului to ask = a intreba , asked = intrebat to play = a juca , played = jucat Exemple de modificari la unele verbe: to translate = a traduce , translated = tradus to stop = a opri , stopped = oprit to prefer = a prefera , preferred = preferat to travel = a calatori , travelled = calatorit to try = a incerca , tried = incercat Present perfect aspectul comun I have written = eu am scris you have written = tu ai scris he has written = el a scris , she has written = ea a scris it has written = el a scris , ea a scris we have written = noi am scris you have written = tu ai scris they have written = ei au scris, ele au scris Negativ: I have not written = eu nu am scris Interogativ: Have you written ? = Tu ai scris? Se foloseste pentru o actiune terminata in trecut dar care are consecinte si in prezent: We have moved into a new house = Ne-am mutat intr-o casa noua. (Ne-am mutat in trecut, dar in prezent locuim in aceasta casa) Se foloseste atunci cand propozitia contine: today, this week, this month, this year, ever, never, often, seldom, already, lately, just, always, yet. I have been a student for several month = Eu sunt student de cateva luni. Present perfect aspectul continuu I have been writing = eu am scris , eu scriu you have been writing = tu ai scris , tu scrii he has been writing = el a scris , el scrie , she has been writing = ea a scris , ea scrie it has been writing = el a scris , el scrie , ea a scris , ea scrie we have been writing = noi am scris , noi scriem you have been writing = voi ati scris , voi scrieti they have been writing = ei au scris , ei scriu , ele au scris , ele scriu Se foloseste pentru o actiune care a inceput in trecut, si s-a incheiat cu putin inainte de momentul vorbirii sau este in curs de desfasurare si poate continua si in viitor. I have been writing since 7 o'clock . Eu scriu de la ora 7. Negativ: I have not been writing = eu nu am scris, eu nu scriu Interogativ: = Have you been writing ? = Tu ai scris ? Tu scrii ? Trecutul aspectul comun Verbe neregulate. Exemplu: to write = a scrie write (forma I ) = wrote (forma II ) = written (forma III ) write = prezent , wrote = trecut , written = participiul trecut I wrote = eu am scris you wrote = tu ai scris he wrote = el a scris , she wrote = ea a scris it wrote = ea a scris , ea a scris we wrote = noi am scris you wrote = voi ati scris they wrote = ei au scris , ele au scris Verbe regulate . Exemplu: to ask = a intreba ask (forma I ) = asked (forma II ) = asked (forma III ) ask = prezent , asked = trecut , asked = participiul trecut Este la fel ca participiul trecut, se adauga terminatia 'ed' la infinitivul verbului I asked = eu am intrebat you asked = tu ai intrebat he asked = el a intrebat , she asked = ea a intrebat it asked = el a intrebat, ea a intrebat we asked = noi am intrebat you asked = voi ati intrebat they asked = ei , ele au intrebat Negativ: I did not write = eu nu am scris Interogativ: Did you write ? = Tu ai scris ? Trecutul aspectul continuu I was writing = eu scriam you were writing = tu scriai he were writing = el scria , she were writing = ea scria it were writing = el scria , ea scria we were writing = noi scriam you were writing = voi scriati they were writing = ei scriau, ele scriau Negativ: I was not writing = eu nu scriam Interogativ: Were you writing ? = Tu scriai ? Mai mult ca perfectul aspectul comun I had written = eu scrisesem you had written = tu scrisesei he had written = el scrisese , she had written = ea scrisese it had written = el scrisese , ea scrisese we had written = noi scrisesem you had written = voi scriseseti they had written = ei scrisesera , ele scrisesera Negativ: I had not written = eu nu scrisesem Interogativ: Had you written ? = Tu scrisesei ? Mai mult ca perfectul aspectul continuu I had been writing = eu scrisesem you had been writing = tu scrisesei he had been writing = el scrisese , she had been writing = ea scrisese it had been writing = el scrisese , ea scrisese we had been writing = noi scrisesem you had been writing = voi scriseseti they had been writing = ei , ele scrisesera Negativ: I had not been writing = eu nu scrisesem Interogativ: Had you been writing ? = Tu scrisesei ? Viitor aspectul comun I shall write = eu voi scrie you will write = tu vei scrie he will write = el va scrie , she will write = ea va scrie it will write = el va scrie , ea va scrie we shall write = noi vom scrie you will write = voi veti scrie they will write = ei , ele vor scrie Negativ: I shall not write = eu nu voi scrie Interogativ: Will you write ? = Tu vei scrie ? Forme scurte: - in loc de shall si will se poate scrie prescurtat 'll - in loc de shall not se poate scrie prescurtat shan't , in loc de will not se poate scrie won't Viitor aspectul continuu I shall be writing = eu voi scrie you will be writing = tu vei scrie he will be writing = el va scrie , she will be writing = ea va scrie it will be writing = el va scrie , ea va scrie we shall be writing = noi vom scrie you will be writing = voi veti scrie they will be writing = ei , ele vor scrie Negativ: I shall not be writing = eu nu voi scrie Interogativ: Will you be writing ? = Tu vei scrie ? Conditional prezent I should write = eu as scrie you would write = tu ai scrie he would write = el ar scrie , she would write = ea ar scrie it would write = el ar scrie , ea ar scrie we should write = noi am scrie you would write = voi ati scrie they would write = ei , ele ar scrie Negativ: I should not write = eu nu as scrie Interogativ: Would you write ? = Tu ai scrie ? Conditional trecut I should have written = eu as fi scris you would have written = tu ai fi scris he would have written = el ar fi scris , she would have written = ea ar fi scris it would have written = el ar fi scris , ea ar fi scris we should have written = noi am fi scris you would have written = voi ati fi scris they would have written = ei , ele ar fi scris Negativ: I should not have written = eu nu as fi scris Interogativ: Would you have written ? = Tu ai fi scris ? Verbe modale: can must may can = pot, sunt in stare may = pot, am voie must = trebuie Verbul care le urmeaza sunt la infinitiv fara 'to' : I can write = Eu pot scrie Sunt la fel pentru: eu, tu, el, ea, noi, voi, ei Negativ: cannot , may not, must not, sau: can't, mayn't, mustn't Interogativ: Can you write ? = Poti scrie ? Verbe modale: will shall would should will I will = eu intentionez, eu sunt hotarat we will = noi intentionam, noi suntem hotarati shall you shall = tu trebuie , iti promit he , she , it , shall = el , ea trebuie , ii promit you shall = voi trebuie , va promit they shall = ei , ele trebuie , le promit should you should = tu ar trebui he , she, it , should = el , ea ar trebui you should = voi ar trebui they should = ei , ele ar trebui would you would = vrei te rog you would = vreti va rog Timpul verbelor neregulate forma I = forma II = forma III => prezent = trecut = participiu trecut be = was = been => fi = fost = fiind have = had = had => avea = avut = avand begin = began = begun => incepe = inceput = incepand bring = brought = brought => aduce = adus = aducand buy = bought = bought => cumpara = cumparat = cumparand drive = drove = driven => conduce = condus = conducand come = came = come => veni = venit = venind choose = chose = chosen => alege = ales = alegand do = did = done => face = facut = facand eat = ate = eaten => manca = mancat = mancand forget = forgot = forgotten => uita = uitat = uitand freeze = froze = frozen => ingheta = inghetat = inghetand go = went = gone => merge = mers = mergand give = gave = given => da = dat = dand get = got = got => lua = luat = luand grow = grew = grown => creste = crescut = crescand know = knew = known => cunoaste = cunoscut = cunoscand sti = stiut = stiind learn = learnt = learnt => invata = invatat = invatand lose = lost = lost => pierde = pierdut = pierzand make = made = made => face = facut = facand run = ran = run => alerga = alergat = alergand say = said = said => spune = spus = spunand see = saw = seen => vedea = vazut = vazand send = sent = sent => trimite = trimis = trimitand sell = sold = sold => vinde = vandut = vanzand show = showed = shown => arata = aratat = aratand spend = spent = spent => chetui = cheltuit = cheltuind petrece = petrecut = petrecand speak = spoke = spoken => spune = spus = spunand vorbi = vorbit = vorbind stand = stood = stood => sta = stat = stand take = took = taken => lua = luat = luand think = thought = thought => gandi = gandit = gandind tell = told = told => spune = spus = spunand understand = understood = understood => intelege = inteles = intelegand win = won = won => castiga = castigat = castigand |
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